Performance Evaluation of Porous Pavement Concrete Incorporating Recycled Construction and Demolition Aggregates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.47134/scbmej.v3i2.5633Keywords:
Porous Concrete, Recycled Aggregates , Construction and Demolition Waste , Permeable Pavements, Skid ResistanceAbstract
The objective of this study is to develop porous cement concrete for road pavements using construction waste aggregates to achieve the required surface characteristics. The research method in this study was laboratory experiments involving a series of concrete mixtures with varying waste content between 10% and 30%. Meanwhile, the cement content and water/cement ratio remained constant, based on previous studies in which the effects of these variables had been evaluated. The results of this study show that the performance of porous cement concrete has undergone two types of permeability evaluation tests, laser measurements for flatness and texture analysis, and the British Pendulum Test for friction evaluation. The aggregate gradation follows the PA12.5 specification, with a maximum aggregate size of 14 mm, serving as a reference concrete without recycled aggregates. Mechanical strength tests were included in the performance evaluation to measure the durability of the concrete. The findings of this study indicate that porous cement concrete containing demolition waste is a viable and sustainable solution for managing demolition waste materials.
References
Abe, H., Tamai, A., Henry, J. J., & Wambold, J. (2001). Measurement of pavement macrotexture with circular texture meter. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1764(1), 201–209. Access DOI. https://doi.org/10.3141/1764-21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/1764-21
Alao, O. O. (2012). Design and construction of concrete roads. Department of Civil Engineering, University of Cape Town. Access: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257894842_Current_Trends_in_Design_and_Construction_of_Concrete_Roads
Alhazmi, H., Shah, S. A. R., & Basheer, M. A. (2021). Performance evaluation of road pavement green concrete: An application of advance decision-making approach before life cycle assessment. Coatings, 11(1), 74. Access DOI: DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010074
https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010074
Ali, S. A., Arevalo, P. C., Zaman, M., Floyd, R. W., Hossain, Z., & Rojas-Pochyla, J. (2025). Durability of recycled concrete aggregate as a pavement base material including drainage: A laboratory and simulation study. Sustainability, 17(13), Article 6050. Access DOI: 10.3390/su17136050 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su17136050
American Concrete Institute (ACI) Committee 522R-10. (2010). Report on Pervious Concrete. American Concrete Institute (ISBN 9780870313646 pp. 40).
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) (1996). Standard Test Method for Measuring Pavement Macrotexture Depth Using a Volumetric Technique, E965-96. Access: https://standards. globalspec.com/std/ 3806096/ASTM E965-96 10/11/1996.
Bonicelli, A., Arguelles, G. M., & Pumarejo, L. G. F. (2016). Improving pervious concrete pavements for achieving more sustainable urban roads. Procedia Engineering, 161, 1568–1573, Elsevier. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.628 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.628
BS EN 12390-5. (2019) Hardened concrete test. Flexural strength of test specimens. Access DOI: https: //doi.org/10.3403/30360073 (publicado em 19/07/2019).
CEN, (2003). Tests of hardened concrete part 1: Shape, dimensions and other requirements for testing specimens and molds standard written in Portuguesa, EN, 12390-1.
CEN. (2009). Fresh Concrete Tests Part 1: (Amostragem/ sampling," pp. 12). NP EN 12350-1, Lisbon
Centro de Estudios y Experimentación de Obras Públicas (CEDEX), (2000). Permeabilidad in sítu de pavimentos drenantes con el permeámetro LCS, España. NLT-327. Spain
Chelluri, S., Hossiney, N., Chandra, S., Bekoe, P., & Tia, M. (2025). A review of the performance properties of geopolymer pavement-quality concrete. Construction Materials, 5(3), 49. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5030049 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/constrmater5030049
Chen, J., Huang, X., Zheng, B., Zhao, R., Liu, X., Cao, Q., & Zhu, S. (2019). Real-time identification system of asphalt pavement texture based on the close-range photogrammetry. Construction and Building Materials, 226, 910–919 In Construction and Building Materials (Vol. 226, pp. 910–919). Elsevier BV. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.07.321
Chen, Y., Ou, Y., Mohamed, M. S., & Bao, Z. (2025). Life cycle assessment of construction and demolition waste upcycling: A critical review of studies from 2010 to 2025. Developments in the Built Environment, 22, Article 100685. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100685 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dibe.2025.100685
da Costa, A. D. S. (2024). Building resilience for flood disaster in Malaka-Timor, Indonesia: Risk perception from human geography. Springer. Access Book DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63272-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-63272-3
Duraiswamy, S., Neelamegam, P., VishnuPriyan, M., & Alaneme, G. U. (2024). Impact of plastic waste fiber and treated construction demolition waste on the durability and sustainability of concrete. Scientific Reports, 14(1), Article 27221. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78107-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-78107-w
European Committee for Standardization (CEN), (2009). Tests of hardened concrete. Part 2: Execution and curing of specimens for mechanical strength tests, EN. 12390-2.
Estrada de Portugal S.A (2009), “Ensaios do betão fresco Parte 3: Ensaio Vêbê,” p. 12. IPQ - NP EN 12350-3 Doc
Estradas de Portugal, S.A. (2014). Paving Material characteristics, Notebook. Charges. Type Work Doc
Fanijo, E. O., Kolawole, J. T., Babafemi, A. J., & Liu, J. (2023). A comprehensive review on the use of recycled concrete aggregate for pavement construction: Properties, performance, and sustainability. Cleaner Materials, 9, 100199. The article was published in Volume 9 of Cleaner Materials. Access DOI: 10.1016/j.clema.2023.100199 and the citation details at NASA/ADS: https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023ClMat...900199F/abstract DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clema.2023.100199
Ferić, K., Kumar, V. S., Romić, A., & Gotovac, H. (2023). Effect of aggregate size and compaction on the strength and hydraulic properties of pervious concrete. Sustainability, 15(2), Article MDPI 1146. Access DOI : 10.3390/su15021146 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su15021146
Flintsch, G. W., de León, E., McGhee, K. K., & Al-Qadi, I. L. (2003). Pavement surface macrotexture measurement and applications. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 1860(1), 168–177. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/1860-19 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/1860-19
Hamada, G. Y., Lui, H., Wolf, W., Ricciardi, T., & Junqueira-Junior, C. A. (2023). Thermal boundary condition effects on shock boundary layer interactions of a supersonic turbine cascade. AIAA AVIATION 2023 Forum, 3697 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2514/6.2023-3697
Idalgo, N, A., De Castro, A, J., De Almeida, L, P., Da Silva, C, Y., and Da Silva, M, J, M. (2018). Determination of The Permeability Coefficient of Concrete Drainage Elements Revista Organizações e Sociedade 7(8):4. Access DOI: 10.29031/ros.v7i8.388 and https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329791932_determinacao_do_coeficiente_de_permeabilidade_de_elementos_drenantes_de_concreto DOI: https://doi.org/10.29031/ros.v7i8.388
IGPAI, Inspecção-Geral dos Produtos Agrícolas e Industriais (General Inspectorate for Agricultural and Industrial Products) (IGPAI), (1969). Aggregates for mortar and concrete (Determination of the density and water absorption of gravel and cobbles). Successor of IPQ. Caparica, Lisbon.
Instituto Português da Qualidade (IPQ) (2012). Cimento. Parte 1: Composição especificações e critérios de conformidade para cimentos correntes. No. Instituto Português da Qualidade, 2º edição de 39 p. Caparica, Lisboa Portugal, NP EN 197-1
IPQ, (2017). Tests Concrete specification performance, production and conformity and molds standard written in Portuguese Quality Institute. NP EN, 206:2013+A1 , Lisbon
IPQ, (2000). Test for mechanical and physical properties of aggregate part 6: Determination of particles density and water absorption. Developed by CEN, EN 1097-6. Lisbon
IPQ, (2002). Los Angeles Machine Wear Resistance Test Instituto Português da Qualidade, p. Caparica, Lisboa. Developed by CEN, NP EN 1097-2. Lisbon
IPQ, (2009). Fresh Concrete Tests Part 3: (Vee bee Test," pp. 12). EN 12350-3. CEN
Khadka, S. S., Acharya, S., Acharya, A., & Veletzos, M. (2023). Enhancement of Himalayan irregular stone masonry buildings for resilient seismic design. Frontiers in Built Environment, 9, 1163479 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fbuil.2023.1086008
Kos, Ž., Kroviakov, S., Mishutin, A., & Poltorapavlov, A. (2023). An experimental study on the properties of concrete and fiber-reinforced concrete in rigid pavements. Materials, 16(17), Article 5886. Access DOI: 10.3390/ma16175886 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16175886
Leach R. (2013). Characterisation of Areal Surface Texture. In Springer Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, New York Dordrecht London [eBook]. Access DOI: https://doi.org.10.1007/978-3-642-36458-7 .
Li, L., Zhang, C., Gan, H., & Luo, W.. The full citation is: Li, L., Zhang, C., Gan, H., & Luo, W. (2016). Geometric texture indicators for safety on AC pavements with 1 mm 3D laser texture data. International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology, 9(1), 49–62. Acess DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.01.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.01.004
Li, Q., Yang, G., Wang, K. C. P., Zhan, Y., & Wang, C. (2017). Novel Macro- and Microtexture Indicators for Pavement Friction by Using High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Surface Data. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2641(1), 164-176. doi.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3141/2641-19
Li, J., Xiao, J., & Sun, Y. (2009). Influence of coating recycled aggregate surface with pozzolanic powder on properties of recycled aggregate concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 23(3), 1287–1291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.019. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.07.019
Low, K., Kovler, K., Bentur, A., & Galun, R. (2008). Statistical characterization of the pore structure of enhanced porosity concrete. In Proceedings in CD of the Concrete Technology Forum, Denver. National Ready Mix Concrete Association
Martin, W. D., Kaye, N. B., & Putman, B. J. (2014). Impact of vertical porosity distribution on the hydraulic conductivity of pervious concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 59, 78–84. doi.org. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2014.02.034
Montes, F., Valavala, S., & Haselbach, L. M. (2006). Measuring hydraulic conductivity in porous concrete. Environmental Engineering Science, 23(6), 960–969. doi.org . DOI: https://doi.org/10.1089/ees.2006.23.960
Meegoda, J. N., & Gao, S. (2015). Evaluation of pavement skid resistance using high speed texture measurement. Journal of Traffic and Transportation Engineering (English Edition), 2(6), 382–390. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2015.09.001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtte.2015.09.001
Neithalath, N., Weiss, J., & Olek, J. (2006). Predicting the permeability of pervious concrete (enhanced porosity concrete) from non-destructive electrical measurements. [Paper presentation in printed version]. Concrete International.
Ozel, F., Sakallı, B., & Şahin, Y. (2022). The effects of aggregate and fiber characteristics on the properties of pervious concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 356, 129294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129294 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.129294
Peng, Y., Wang, K. C. P., Li, Q. J., Yu, W., Yang, G., & Zhang, A. (2019). Random forest–based pavement surface friction prediction using high-resolution 3D image data. Journal of Testing and Evaluation, 49(2), 1141–1152 Access DOI: https: doi. Org./10.1520/JTE20180937. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180937
Pessoa, E. G. (2024). Reutilization of construction and demolition waste in permeable pavements: A sustainable solution for urban infrastructure. International Seven Journal of Multidisciplinary, 3(1). Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.56238/isevmjv3n1-033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.56238/isevmjv3n1-033
Rusida, D., Oetomo, W., & Marleno, R. (2025). Analysis of construction requirements for concrete and asphalt pavements on the Temuireng-Jetis road section, Mojokerto District. Asian Journal of Social and Humanities, 4(2), 525. Access DOI: https://ajosh.org/index.php/jsh/article/view/525
Shaban, W. M., Yang, J., Su, H., Liu, Q. F., Tsang, D. C. W., Wang, L., Xie, J., & Li, L. (2019). Properties of recycled concrete aggregates strengthened by different types of pozzolan slurry. Construction and Building Materials, 216, 632–647. Access DOI: https://doi.org./10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.231 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.04.231
Shaban, W. M., Elbaz, K., Yang, J., Thomas, B. S., Shen, X. L., Li, L. J., Du, Y. Y., Xie, J. H., & Li, L. (2021). Effect of pozzolan slurries on recycled aggregate concrete: Mechanical and durability performance. Construction and Building Materials, 276, Article 121940. Access DOI: https://doi.org./101016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121940. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121940
Shuvo, B. P., Deb, D., Smrity, T. A., Islam, J., & Islam, S. (2026). Geotechnical applications of construction and demolition waste and future prospects in Bangladesh - a comprehensive review. Journal of Engineering and Applied Science, 73(1), 41, Springer Nature. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00418-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44290-026-00418-w
Subash, S., Parida, L., & Moharana, S. (2025). Study on the impact of aggregate size gradation on concrete: Mechanical, durability and microstructure study. International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 19(1), Article 863. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-025-00863-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-025-00863-4
Tam, V. W. Y., & Tam, C. M. (2007). Assessment of durability of recycled aggregate concrete produced by two-stage mixing approach. Journal of Materials Science, 42(10), 3592–3602. Access DOI: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117366 and Science-direct: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0950061819328181 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-006-0379-y
Wang, J., Zhang, J., Cao, D., Dang, H., & Ding, B. (2020). Comparison of recycled aggregate treatment methods on the performance for recycled concrete. Construction and Building Materials, 234. Access DOI: https://doi.org./10.1016/j.conbuildmat.117366 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.117366
Zhang, Y., Wang, E., & Gong, Y. (2024). A structural optimization of urban drainage systems: An optimization approach for mitigating urban floods. Water, 16(12), Article 1696. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121696 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w16121696
Zou, Y., Yang, G., & Cao, M. (2021). Neural network-based prediction of sideway force coefficient for asphalt pavement using high-resolution 3D texture data. International Journal of Pavement Engineering, 24(1), 1851-1866. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1884862 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2021.1884862
Zuniga-Garcia, N., & Prozzi, J. A. (2016). Contribution of micro- and macro-texture for predicting friction on pavement surfaces (Report No. CHPP Report-UTA#3-2016). Access: https://www.chpp.egr.msu.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/CHPP-Report-UTA3-2017_Texture.pdf
Zuo, W., Mei, T., Zhong, S., et al. (2025). How to improve performance of Chinese BIM-supported civil engineering projects based on the qualitative comparative analysis method. Scientific Reports, 15, 23593. Access DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06662-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06662-x
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2026 José José Ximenes, José Aguiar, Jorge Pais, Carlos de Jesus, Carlos Palha
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
