Reformulation of the Investigative Mechanism for Medical Personnel in Alleged Malpractice Resulting in Patient Death Based on the Due Process of Law Principle in the New 2026 Criminal Procedure Code

Arthur Daniel Thomas Betlehem; Azis Budianto

doi:10.47134/jcl.v3i3.1.5827

Authors

Arthur Daniel Thomas Betlehem Universitas Borobudur, Jakarta, Indonesia
Azis Budianto Borobudur University, Jakarta, Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/jcl.v3i3.1.5827

Keywords:

Medical Personnel, Investigation, Criminal Procedure Code 2026, Criminal Procedure Law Update, Health Law

Abstract

This study aims to analyze and reconstruct the legal standing of professional organization recommendations in the investigation of medical personnel suspected of causing patient death from the perspective of reforming Indonesian criminal procedure law. The research problem arises from the disharmony of norms between the investigator's authority in criminal procedure law and the provisions of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health, specifically Article 308 which requires a recommendation from the Professional Disciplinary Council before legal proceedings against medical personnel are carried out. In practice, this provision is often interpreted as an absolute requirement (de facto) that has the potential to limit the investigator's authority as regulated in criminal procedure law and create legal uncertainty. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that normatively, professional organization recommendations do not have binding force as a requirement for initiating an investigation, but rather only serve as a form of persuasive expert testimony. However, the formulation of norms in Article 308 of the Health Law which uses the phrase "a recommendation must first be requested" creates normative ambiguity and a conflict of authority between law enforcement officials and professional organizations. Therefore, this study proposes a legal reconstruction through a mandatory consultative model with a double-gate mechanism approach, namely an ethical/disciplinary screening mechanism that runs parallel to criminal investigations without eliminating the investigator's authority. This reconstruction is expected to harmonize criminal procedure law and health law and ensure a balance between the protection of medical personnel, patient rights, and legal certainty in the Indonesian criminal justice system.

References

Abdullah, M. a. (2025). Etika Profesi dan Aspek Pidana dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan: Harmonisasi menurut Undang-Undang No. 17 Tahun 2023 tentang Kesehatan. Journal of Syntax Literate.

Abdullah, M. Z. (2020). Urgensi perlunya pembaharuan hukum acara pidana nasional di Indonesia yang lebih responsif. Jurnal Ilmiah Universitas Batanghari Jambi, 281–287.

Asmara, G. Y. (2025). Konstruksi Pengaturan Penyidikan terhadap Tenaga Medis Yang Berkeadilan (The Construction of a Fair Regulatory Framework for Investigating Medical Personnel). UNIKA, 112.

Edwin, E. (2025). Analisis Rekomendasi Majelis Terkait Adanya Dugaan Tindak Pidana Yang Dilakukan Tenaga Kesehatan Atau Medis Berdasarkan Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023. Sumbang12 Law Journal, 188–195.

Efendi, R. a. (2023). Pembaruan Hukum Acara Pidana Di Indonesia. Yogyakarta: Deepublish.

Fitira, A. R. (2025). Kedudukan rekomendasi Majelis Disiplin Profesi sebagai quasi-penyelidikan dalam penyelesaian sengketa medik di Indonesia. Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM, 653–680.

Gunawan, A. C. (2023). Tinjauan hukum pidana terhadap tindakan malpraktek dalam bidang kesehatan atau medis. UNES Law Review, 5387–5397.

Ilyas, A. (2024). Hukum acara pidana: Dari penyelidikan hingga eksekusi putusan. Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada-Rajawali Pers.

Munib, M. A. (2018). Tinjauan Yuridis Kewenangan Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Dalam Penyelidikan Dan Penyidikan Menurut Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana. Justitiable-Jurnal Hukum, 60–73.

Nadeak, J. O. (2024). Penerapan disiplin profesi sebagai instrumen penegakan hukum pidana kesehatan berbasis keadilan prosedural. Proceeding Masyarakat Hukum Kesehatan Indonesia, 184–195.

Ningsih, P. A. (2025). Politik hukum pembentukan rancangan Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana: Peluang dan hambatannya dalam penegakan hukum di Indonesia. Al-Zayn: Jurnal Ilmu Sosial & Hukum, 7373–7391.

Ririhena, M. A. (2016). Penyidikan dalam Perkara Tindak Pidana Kesehatan di Tinjau dari Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009. Lex Crimen.

Saputra, R. (2025). Reformasi Hukum Acara Pidana: Menyongsong KUHAP Baru. Jakarta: Langgam Pustaka.

Wicaksono, E. N. (2025). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Dalam Tindakan Medis: Studi Kritis Terhadap Pasal-Pasal Krusial Dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 17 Tahun 2023 Tentang Kesehatan. Jurnal Sutasoma, 26–36.

Widiyanto, E. (2021). Hukum Pidana Terhadap Korban Tindak Pidana Di Bidang Medis. Mizan: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, 104–110.

Widjayanto, I. (2025). Problematika Hukum Pelayanan Kesehatan dalam Perspektif Penegakan Disiplin Profesi Berdasarkan Permenkes No. 3 Tahun 2025. Soepra Jurnal Hukum Kesehatan, 140–147.

Zaqy, A. P. (2026). Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Kasus Malpraktik Oleh Dokter Dalam Perspektif Hukum Acara Pidana Pada Tahap Penyidikan Dan Pembuktian. Journal UNUD.