Analisis Hukum Eksploitasi Anak Sebagai Pengamen dan Pengemis (Studi Tentang Peran Serta Tanggung Jawab Orang Tua)

Reza Akbar Nugraha; Ananta Dwi Prayoga; Ananta Dwi Prayoga; Maulina Amaliya; Yoga Dian Prama; Siti Julaeha  Puspika Sari; Yenny Febrianti

doi:10.47134/ijlj.v1i1.1983

Authors

Reza Akbar Nugraha Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Ananta Dwi Prayoga Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Ananta Dwi Prayoga Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Maulina Amaliya Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Yoga Dian Prama Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Siti Julaeha Puspika Sari Universitas Pakuan Bogor
Yenny Febrianti Universitas Pakuan Bogor

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/ijlj.v1i1.1983

Keywords:

Children, Law, Exploitation

Abstract

Children are a gift and responsibility given by God, thus they need to be protected and respected in their basic rights. Child protection is enshrined in the 1945 Constitution and the United Nations child rights convention. Children are the support for the future of the nation and family. Protection for children should commence from within the womb until they reach the age of 18. It is the responsibility of parents, families, and the community to protect the rights of children, while the state and government need to provide facilities and access for the growth and development of children. Child exploitation, such as begging, is a serious problem. The level of poverty is one of the main causes of exploitation. The state and government have an obligation to protect children from exploitation. However, there are still many street children who are vulnerable to exploitation, including physical, economic and sexual exploitation. This research uses a normative legal and empirical juridical approach. In this research, we will explore child protection arrangements in Indonesia, the factors that cause child exploitation, and their impact on children's welfare, with a case study of Decision Number 623/PID.SUS/2016/PN.MLG. With these efforts, we can better understand child protection and the impact of exploitation on child welfare in Indonesia.

References

Arief, B. N. (1998). Beberapa Aspek Kebijakan Penegakan dan Pengembangan Hukum Pidana. Citra Aditya Bakti.

Babchishin, K. M. (2018). Child Sexual Exploitation Materials Offenders: A Review. European Psychologist, 23(2), 130–143. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000326 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000326

Buller, A. M. (2020). Systematic review of social norms, attitudes, and factual beliefs linked to the sexual exploitation of children and adolescents. Child Abuse and Neglect, 104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104471

Digidiki, V. (2018). Sexual abuse and exploitation of unaccompanied migrant children in Greece: Identifying risk factors and gaps in services during the European migration crisis. Children and Youth Services Review, 92, 114–121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.040 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.02.040

Dwi, I. (2018). Penerapan Hukum Dalam Kasus Kekerasan Seksual Terhadap Anak. MediaPressindo.

Fraley, H. (2018). School nurses’ awareness and attitudes toward commercial sexual exploitation of children. Advances in Nursing Science, 41(2), 118–136. https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000197 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1097/ANS.0000000000000197

Franchino-Olsen, H. (2021). Vulnerabilities Relevant for Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children/Domestic Minor Sex Trafficking: A Systematic Review of Risk Factors. Trauma, Violence, and Abuse, 22(1), 99–111. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821956 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821956

Gillespie, S. M. (2018). An Evaluation of a Community-Based Psycho-Educational Program for Users of Child Sexual Exploitation Material. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 30(2), 169–191. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216639591 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216639591

Greenbaum, J. (2018). Child Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation. Advances in Pediatrics, 65(1), 55–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.yapd.2018.04.003

Harjono, D., & SH, M. C. L. (2008). Konstitusi Sebagai Rumah Bangsa. Sekjen Dan Kepanitraan Mahkamah Konstitusi.

Henshaw, M. (2018). Demographic, mental health, and offending characteristics of online child exploitation material offenders: A comparison with contact-only and dual sexual offenders. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 36(2), 198–215. https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/bsl.2337

Hornor, G. (2018). Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children: Health Care Use and Case Characteristics. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 32(3), 250–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.11.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedhc.2017.11.004

Laird, J. J. (2020). Demographic and Psychosocial Factors Associated with Child Sexual Exploitation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17682 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17682

Lanctôt, N. (2020). Nightmares and flashbacks: The impact of commercial sexual exploitation of children among female adolescents placed in residential care. Child Abuse and Neglect, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104195 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104195

Le, P. T. D. (2018). Health Issues Associated with Commercial Sexual Exploitation and Sex Trafficking of Children in the United States: A Systematic Review. Behavioral Medicine, 44(3), 219–233. https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432554 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08964289.2018.1432554

Lefevre, M. (2019). “Both/And” Not “Either/Or”: Reconciling Rights to Protection and Participation in Working with Child Sexual Exploitation. British Journal of Social Work, 49(7), 1837–1855. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcy106 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcy106

Mansur, D. M. A., & Gultom, E. (2007). Urgensi Perlindungan Korban Kejahatan: Antara Norma dan Realita. Divisi Buku Perguruan Tinggi, RajaGrafindo Persada.

Merdian, H. L. (2018). Fantasy-Driven Versus Contact-Driven Users of Child Sexual Exploitation Material: Offender Classification and Implications for Their Risk Assessment. Sexual Abuse: Journal of Research and Treatment, 30(3), 230–253. https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216641109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063216641109

Panlilio, C. C. (2019). Assessing risk of commercial sexual exploitation among children involved in the child welfare system. Child Abuse and Neglect, 87, 88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.021 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.021

Quayle, E. (2020). Prevention, disruption and deterrence of online child sexual exploitation and abuse. ERA Forum, 21(3), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00625-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12027-020-00625-7

Ramiro, L. S. (2019). Online child sexual exploitation and abuse: A community diagnosis using the social norms theory. Child Abuse and Neglect, 96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104080 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104080

Robinson, G. (2019). Working County Lines: Child Criminal Exploitation and Illicit Drug Dealing in Glasgow and Merseyside. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 63(5), 694–711. https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18806742 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0306624X18806742

Sanchez, R. V. (2019). A concept analysis of trauma coercive bonding in the Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 46, 48–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.02.030 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pedn.2019.02.030

Simon, J. (2020). Thirty years of the convention on the rights of the child: Developments in child sexual abuse and exploitation. Child Abuse and Neglect, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104399 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104399

Stone, N. (2018). Child Criminal Exploitation: ‘County Lines’, Trafficking and Cuckooing. Youth Justice, 18(3), 285–293. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225418810833 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1473225418810833

Sulistiani, S. L. (2015). Kedudukan Hukum Anak Hasil Perkawinan Beda Agama Menurut Hukum Positif dan Hukum Islam. Refika Aditama.

Tatlow-Golden, M. (2020). Digital food marketing to children: Exploitation, surveillance and rights violations. Global Food Security, 27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100423 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100423

Williams, T. P. (2018). “It isn’t that we’re prostitutes”: Child protection and sexual exploitation of adolescent girls within and beyond refugee camps in Rwanda. Child Abuse and Neglect, 86, 158–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.015 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.09.015