Performance Improvement of f-OFDM Systems Using a Concatenated RS/LDPC Coding Scheme

Ghasan Ali Hussain

doi:10.47134/jtsi.v3i2.6091

Authors

Ghasan Ali Hussain University of Kufa

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.47134/jtsi.v3i2.6091

Keywords:

5G, f-OFDM, LDPC, RS, Concatenated

Abstract

In wireless communication systems, transmission errors are inevitably generated due to interference and fading. Therefore, various approaches have been developed to enhance system reliability, including increasing the transmitted signal power and utilizing error detection and correction schemes. Among these approaches, channel coding is an important technique for reducing the Bit Error Rate (BER). Although LDPC codes are widely adopted in 5G wireless communication systems; achieving ultra-low BER values remains challenging in LDPC codes due to the error-floor phenomenon. To address this limitation, a modified concatenated RS/LDPC code is proposed for an f-OFDM system in this paper. It employs RS codes with LDPC codes followed by an interleaver. Unlike the conventional concatenated RS/LDPC codes that separated both codes by an interleaver. Simulation results demonstrate that the suggested system achieves superior BER performance compared with the conventional concatenated scheme and standalone RS and LDPC codes under both BPSK and QPSK. Furthermore, the suggested f-OFDM system provides superior Out-of-Band Emission (OOBE) suppression compared with the conventional OFDM system, while maintaining a Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) performance comparable to that of the conventional OFDM system. Based on the results, the suggested f-OFDM system is considered a promising candidate for 5G and beyond systems.

References

Bae, J. H., Abotabl, A., Lin, H. P., Song, K. B., & Lee, J. (2019). An overview of channel coding for 5G NR cellular communications. APSIPA Transactions on Signal and Information Processing, 8, e17. https://doi.org/10.1017/ATSIP.2019.10

Chen, P., Xu, M., Bai, B., & Wang, J. (2017). Design and performance of polar codes for 5G communication under high mobility scenarios. 2017 IEEE 85th Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2017.8108615

Cheng, S. (2019). Comparative study on 5G communication channel coding technology. Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Mechatronics Engineering and Information Technology (ICMEIT 2019), 74–77. https://doi.org/10.2991/icmeit-19.2019.15

Cheng, X., He, Y., Ge, B., & He, C. (2016). A filtered OFDM using FIR filter based on window function method. Proceedings of the IEEE 83rd Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/VTCSpring.2016.7504065

Dhuheir, M., & “Ozt”urk, S. (2018). Polar codes applications for 5G systems. Journal of Institute of Science and Technology, 34(3), 125–132.

Hajiyat, Z. R. M., Sali, A., Mokhtar, M., & Hashim, F. (2019). Channel coding scheme for 5G mobile communication system for short length message transmission. Wireless Personal Communications, 106(2), 377–396. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06167-7

Hui, D., Sandberg, S., Blankenship, Y., Andersson, M., & Grosjean, L. (2018). Channel coding in 5G New Radio: A tutorial overview and performance comparison with 4G LTE. IEEE Vehicular Technology Magazine, 13(4), 60–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/MVT.2018.2867640

Huo, K., Hu, Z., & Liu, D. (2022). Design and implementation of shared memory for Turbo and LDPC code interleaver. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/5782199

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2020a). A novel BCS code in a downlink LTE system over an LTE-MIMO channel. Telecommunication Systems, 74(4), 467–480. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11235-020-00667-4

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2020b). BCH codes for 5G wireless communication systems over multipath fading channel. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 17(1), 310–318. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i1.pp310-318

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2020c). RS codes with filtered-OFDM: A waveform contender for 5G mobile communication systems. Wireless Personal Communications, 115(1), 575–593. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07587-5

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2020d). UFMC system performance improvement using RS codes for 5G communication system. TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control), 18(4), 1843–1850. https://doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i4.14838

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2021). BCH codes in UFMC: A new contender candidate for 5G communication systems. Bulletin of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, 10(2), 904–912. https://doi.org/10.11591/eei.v10i2.2743

Hussain, G. A., & Audah, L. (2022). A BCS code in the f-OFDM system: A promising candidate for 5G wireless communication systems. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing, 13(4), 2111–2120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12652-021-03052-0

Kwak, H. Y., Yun, D. Y., Kim, Y., Kim, S. H., & No, J. S. (2025). Boosted neural decoders: Achieving extreme reliability of LDPC codes for 6G networks. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 43(4), 1089–1102. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSAC.2025.3531553

Majumder, S., & Verma, S. (2015). Improved iterative decoding of network-channel codes for multiple-access relay channel. International Scholarly Research Notices, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/493767

Oh, J., Ha, J., Park, H., & Moon, J. (2016). RS-LDPC concatenated coding for the modern tape storage channel. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 64(1), 59–69. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCOMM.2015.2504362

Qiu, J., Chen, L., & Liu, S. (2020). A novel concatenated coding scheme: RS-SC-LDPC codes. IEEE Communications Letters, 24(11), 2381–2385. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2020.3004917

Shi, H., Luo, Z., & Li, C. (2024). An LDPC-RS concatenation and decoding scheme to lower the error floor for FTN signaling. Electronics, 13(8), 1588. https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics13081588

Stanescu, D., & Brezeanu, A. (2025). An overview of satellite link budget sensitivity based on digital modulation schemes in multi-orbit satellite networks. Applied Sciences, 15(7), 3473. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073473

Suls, A., Neckebroek, J., Lefevre, Y., Guenach, M., & Moeneclaey, M. (2017). Semi-analytical evaluation of concatenated RS/LDPC coding performance with finite block interleaving. IEEE Communications Letters, 21(6), 1237–1240. https://doi.org/10.1109/LCOMM.2017.2675404

Wu, D., Bao, J., Li, X., Shafi, M., & Zhu, J. (2016). A field trial of f-OFDM toward 5G. Proceedings of the IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/GLOCOMW.2016.7848810

Xiao, Z., Liu, X., Zeng, Y., Zhang, J. A., Jin, S., & Zhang, R. (2025). Rethinking waveform for 6G: Harnessing delay-Doppler alignment modulation. IEEE Communications Magazine, 63(5), 110–117. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCOM.002.2400353

Xu, X., Zhou, H., & Zhao, J. (2024). Derived dynamic scheduling for belief propagation decoding of LDPC codes. Electronics Letters, 60(4), e13123. https://doi.org/10.1002/ell2.13123

Zhu, Y., Huang, H. H., Pu, Z., Wang, B., & Li, Y. (2024). Filter bank multicarrier communication with real part and imaginary part index modulation. IEEE Open Journal of the Communications Society, 5, 6201–6211. https://doi.org/10.1109/OJCOMS.2024.3459955